WaterSpirit-6x8

Plexus: History vs. Myth

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On this page: History vs. His-story, the story myth.

Mt. Hua-Yo
huashan-sym.gif
flowery pinnacle of success

History  vs. Myth

Chinese martial history is often a story of famous people in famous places with amazing  amounts of knowledge and ability.  These stories are often ..complete, ...believeable, and ...cohesive.  However, mostly, none of them are true.  The history ...has been filled in where absent, ...the hero made greater than normal, and ...the events and places connected by leaps and shifts in time. Sometimes this is done in innocence, sometimes by cunning, and sometimes by students or family or a remote village creating it to save face or to give honor and/or to continue their story telling.  When the story starts with a mountain place [so high none could life there] with a great man who had the genius and time to write innumerable great books [of which none are now available] and a humble villiage or humble traveler was the lucky inheritent...mythical-legend meets commoners' wishful-wanting.  Also, following some of the principles of information theory, it is more easy to continue...go along with the forward momentum, of the story, than it is attempt to
traverse backwards through its' linkages.
History is like a chain letter, it has a beginning which may be untraceable fully back, but in its' progress-telling, it is addended with (1)  Concepts:   Taoist ~ Buddhist,    Alchemist ~Cosmology~Numerology (2)  Study-Centers:  Mt. WuTang--Hebei ~ Mt. Hua--Shensi ~ ShaoLin-Henan. (3)  Time: Dynastys, and (4)  People; ..each is resulting in the corruption and a bifurcation of facts...much like a chain-letter; a man with a big, blue, fish, becomes, a big man with a fish blue, and a big blue fish-man. Each junction of change influences both the direction and the timing [clocks] what follows.
   Words change their meaning, appearance, and usage overtime: the word Qi (chi) had a closer meaning to 'flow~spirit' than it does now as 'energy'; the idea of Qi before was as unclear as it is now. The word dao (tao) now is used as 'the way', before, its' meaning was man's making of order.. a treking path across a wet, flooded field.
 

Climbing the Chain-ladder
huashanladderclimb.jpg
A trek to the top of Mt.Hua

  The subject-divisions chosen for elaboration are as follows:
(1)  Concepts:  Taoist, Buddhist, Alchemists, Cosomolgy, Numerology.  Concept-Application: health-exercise ~ martial-exercise  Most martial history authorities accept that the concept of water as a widely used simple symbol for the more complex concept of 'spirit'; both the name 'water' and 'spirit' were applied to various exercises and concepts. Early exercises were called 'river', 'long', or 'soft' and flowing.  Cosmological concepts existed as 'central', 'foundation', by importance: greater, lesser, and temporal: before, after,  etc.  Such names as tai-chi and ba-gua existed early, mostly theoretical guides or were part of prognostication, but their application to exercise principles or form patterns did not occur until much, much later eg. 1200-1400 and by then the intrepretations of each had changed.
 

(2)  Time-Event:
Pre-Sung; First-Sung Dynasty: circa 900AD-990AD;
Tang-Dynasty
 
 

The locations of interest involve both province, place, and 'centers' within them, these clusters are connected for various ideological reasons or by geography.  It should also be noted that WuTang Shan, -JiuHua Shan-,  Huang Shan create both cluster of mountain barriers north to south and between them exists a collective source of some of the most esoteric philosophers; ...big minds perhaps benefit from big mountains.
  • Shao Lin [Little Forest Temple] in Henan
  • Mt. WuTang [Tai-He=supreme harmony; xuan yue] in Hebei
  • Mt. Hua [Xi-Yo=west pinnacle] in Shensi
  • Mt. Jiu Hua [nine flower mountain] in Anhui
  • Mt. Huang ['yellow'] in Anhui

 

Mt.Hua Pinnacle
hua-shan.jpg
High, perilous prison

mthua.jpg

  Mount Hua is the legendary, unproven locale-source of teachings/documents/myths regarding Taoist recluse-scholar-advisor Chen Po and an exercise or group of health/martial exercises attributed to him; currently the martial exercise is called 'water' boxing and at one time 'spirit' boxing. The jumps and transference of 'water-spirit' exercise from Mt.Hua or Chen Po to the now named LiuHeBaFa exercise is quite dubious and unaccepted by martial-arts historians.  

Connections to Mount Hua [HwaYo, XiYo, XiHua] :
(+)The name Hua Yo or Mount Hua is symbolic as the symbolic 'apex' of knowledge; it remains today as a symbol for high hopes or ability. Hua-shan-style health or martial exercise itself has a legendary history and is usually referred to as unique and to the highest standard.The name 'tai chi' is also used as the 'supreme' and of the 'ultimate'...in a physical and cosmological sense.
(+) The name Mt.HuaYo has been associated with a poem title about LHPF=six-harmony combinations, eight methods; the origininator of the poem is unknown, but is either credited to Chen Po at Mt.Hua or to Li DongFeng at Mt. QiYun in Anhui.
(+) HuaYo is also a distinct mixed martial style: marketed in Boston by HongKong teacher John Chung Li who studied the variants of LHPF and under instruction from friend Han XingYuan; they redesigned the LHPF to be more YiQuan inclusive; LiChung's taichi teacher-friend: T.T. Liang (a famous teacher of the Chen ManChing-style of tai-chi in Boston)  suggested to Mr. Li to market this unknown exercise under the already public known 'tai-chi' name as HwaYu Tai Chi. Also of interest, recent emergence of 'Shanghai'-style LiuHeBaFa~water-style shows strong influcence of yiquan forms not evident in the Nanking style of Wu YiHui.

(+) HuaYue-Tai Chi is the name and spelling of the current version of Li Chung's LHPF+YiQuan as being developed in Denmark; [either spelling of HwaYu, HuaYo, or HuaYue are used in China, thus the 'denmark' spelling of HuaYue is quite acceptable] Hua Yue Tai Chi Institut info@huayuetaichi.dk

Hua-Shan~Hua-Yo:  Nearly every reference to this mountain as a source of exercise refers to it as either HuaYo~Hua peak or as XiYo~west flower mountain. A note: chinese and their use of language often is aware and concerned about the use of homonyms, words that sound similar, thus Hua-Shen~flower-mt.+spirit refers to the goddess of flowers: bai hua shen; also Hua-Xin~flower+heart refers to the 'heart of the flower', slang, vagina. Hence, as it is said that the Chinese 'see' with their ears, meaning, there is pictures in the word, saying that you practice famous Hua-xin-yi could be interpreted in an amusing alernate way.

References: Hua Shan :
http://medicine.webhostme.com/huashan.htm
http://www.damo-qigong.net/huashan.htm
http://www.letsgo.com/CHI/06-CentralChina-112
http://www.letsgo.com/CHI/06-CentralChina-85?PHPSESSID=8f26f117a146878271351cd9dd06f9a2
http://www.letsgo.com/CHI/06-CentralChina-3

Chen Tuan = Master XiYi
6x8-chen-tuan.jpg
a stone-rubbing from Mt.Hua

(4)  People and Places, ...all of reknown.

It would be simple to accept given history that a modern exercise is 'said' traceable thru 'lineage' teachers back to a reknowned 'person-sage' and 'famous' mountain. The cluster of information surrounding either Mt.Hua [or to its' resident sage Chen Tuan of Po], or Anhui, each is a story-centers.  It is also interesting to go further back to learn that some of the history may have been 'shared'.  Mt. Hua also has an association with the famous physician-surgeon Hua-T'o [hua being as the mountain and his name]; he was also called: Hua Yuan Hua = Mt.Hua 'original' + 'change'. Hua-T'o is also credited with the creation of a five-movement exercise for health [also sometimes credited to Chen Po]; the temple-tomb of Hua T'o is at Mt.Hua also. 

Sage :   Chen Bo =Chen Po, Tu'an [ = Chen HsiYi= Chen Xi-I]   According to the 26 Logs of Chinese History, Chen Po was born in An-Hui. http://www.purpleking.com/html/history.htm   He studied and practiced Taoism in the Hua Shan Mountain  http://www.damo-qigong.net/huashan.htm and developed numerous health exercises http://www.damo-qigong.net/index.htm  There is a  collection of three essays and five translations on the Song Daoist saint and
immortal Chen Tuan http://www.threepinespress.com.chentuan.php3

History regarding Chen Po are either from ...the martial view: http://www.liuhopafa.com/chenpo.htmhttp://www.liuhebafa.com/history.htm
...or they are critcal scholarly reviews of taoist principles and taoist priests:
http://www.gb.taoism.org.hk/taoist-world-today/taoism&us/pg7-7-3-7.htm
http://www.healingtaousa.com/articles/taoalchemy_ch10.htm
http://www.eng.taoism.org.hk/general-daoism/eminent-philosophers&accomplished-daoists/pg1-4-22.asp
http://www.orientalia.org/subject-Chinese

Tomb of Hua T'uo
huashan14-huatu.jpg
at Hua Shan
Doctor ...on the Mountain :
It is interesting that the famous doctor/surgeon Hua T'uo, at a previous time, is said to have lived, studied, taught, and is now entombed at Mt.Hua.  Doctor Hua's entry into this history is of inerest: as the said developer of a 'five-animal' health-dance [said of influence to Chen Po; and also to xing-yi and many others]; also, even now, the Chinese government has stated, that even without University Certifications, if they had someone of the abilities of a Hua T'uo, they would use him as a rural doctor [...then Chen Po as a philosopher, having no formal credentials also, would he be used as a teacher??] 

MEETINGS : with master Chen Po

  • Chao KuangYin [Emperor First Sung, Chao-lineage]
  • HuoLung-'fire' drgaon; Mt.Hua~WuTang ~Chang SanFeng~WuTang
  • Lee, TungFung; => Sung, YuenTung, his 'student'.

Sage meets King:  Reputedly, Chen Po met Emperor Chao, Kuang Yin, in 960 AD.  There are two stories:  (1.) Chen Tuan taught  King Chao an exercise to maintain his health: tai chi-chih, the ruler-method of taiji-principle practice.  The taiji-ruler exercise then came under then Chao family lineage for its transmission; it has been taught under the same name by many in America, but has been either incorrectly interpreted/taught or reworked into a 'kinder-gentler' taiji in comparison with the Yang-family version of taiji-principles which have a long history of development from principles introduced into and mixed with Chen-family exercises. (2) King Chao is also credited with developing Tai Tzu Chang Chuan .

Chang 'san-feng'
chang-drwg.gif
'three-hills' of myth

Sage meets Sage:  The story regarding Chang SanFeng and WuTang is untrue; the existence of Chang 'three-hills' is questionable and appears to be a mythic-figure only; tai-ch'i principles can be easily shown to have existed in the Tang Dynasty.  A creditable linkage would be that a protege of Chen Po went to WuTang; the  reverse story that Chen Po first went to WuTang before going to Mt.Hua is plausible,  but suggests that WuTang 'taught' ChenPo his exercises. Ultimately, the relation between Mt. Hua and WuTang becomes the more important story, not between Chen Po and a Chang SanFeng.

Mythical Life of Chang San Feng 
P. Garofalo
http://www.egreenway.com/taichichuan/chang1.htm
John Hancock http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Pagoda/9536/chang.html
Ottawa Martial
http://www.geocities.com/ottawakungfu/200TaiChi002.htm
http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Philosophy/Taichi/history.html
http://www.chinavoc.com/kungfu/cbox_taiji.htm

Sage's Proteges: HuoLung-'fire' drgaon; aka Jia DeSheng, is reputed to have traveled to and introduced a 'soft' boxing to WuTang; if true, Mt.Hua is the source of principles, later exiting from WuTang. There does exist two strands of 'history' : (1) Wutang exercise differs from all later 'tai-chi's' and is alleged to teach a 'secret waving-hands' form. (2) a 'visitor'  entered into Chen-family village [which is just south of Shaolin temple] and a mixing occured with existing Chen-family village boxing-forms. How and who and when a Mt.Hua~WuTang link transpired and if it has any linkage at all to Chen-family village or is a separate ancedote remains unclear.

Sage's Proteges+2: At Yun Shan, in S.E. Lok district, a Li DongFeng =Lee, TungFung claims to have 'discovered' documents 'in a cave', the tomb of ChenTuan; these are the so-called LiHeBaFa-verses; his student, Sung, YuenTung is credited with elaborating these verses in document called five-word secrets, as each verse is of 5 characters. However, such 'wordy' secret-message poetry is pervasive in all chinese esoteric teachings, the number of words, five or seven, is insignificant; a knowledge of the subject matter is required for understanding.

Seasonal Exercises 2x12=24
24wayqi.jpg
claimed of Chen Po Hsi-I

Legacy-Largacy:

Exercises:  Tai-Chi-Ruler:  tai-chi-chih qigong-newstai-chi-chih:  Tai-ji-Ruler
Hua-Shan QiGong: Qi-gong named for Mt.Hua, likely unrelated
Hua-Shan KungFu: teacher Sin KwangThe: Wu-gong-named for Mt.Hua+5-animals

Exercises: Hua-shan QiGong:  In researching references for HuaShan exercises/qi-gong I have come a site claiming to be a  'hua-shan' exercise or a 'swimming dragon' exercise of hua-shan-qigong; this is completely unclear.  Doctor Nianzu Li, Song Ho Health Center. (Longevity/Peaceful Feeling Health Center) 10204 Sutherland Road Silver Spring, MD 20901, 301-754-0700   email: songhohealth@msn.com

TRACY PECK, M.Ac., L.Ac.  eastgate@concentric.net "Studied Hua Shan & Taoist Qigong 1988-1990 with Nianzu Li."  http://www.magictortoise.com/peck.htm

Chen Po 'dream' meditation
chenxiyi.jpg
Statue at Mt.Hua

Meditative-exercises: Dream-sleep, dream meditation, Water-wash: http://www.ctn.com.cn/china/huashan/
Chen Tuan presided over a revival of Taoist neigong practices, especially his Taoist Dream Practice. http://www.healingtaousa.com/huashan.html

http://www.angelfire.com/ga2/stepstoinsanity/taodream.html

Hua Shan School of Taoism: 'Earlier Heaven Wu-chi' sect
International Taoist Tai Chi Society :  Volunteer-run non-profit charitable organization promoting Taoist Tai Chi and other Taoist health-promoting arts. World Directory, events. Developed by Moy Lin-Shin, trained in the Earlier Heaven Wu-chi sect of the Hua Shan school of Taoism.

Chen Tuan Symbols:
Joseph A. Adler Zhou Dunyi: The Metaphysics and Practice of Sagehood 
http://www2.kenyon.edu/depts/religion/fac/adler/Reln471/CHOU.htm

ChenTuan and divination I-ching 
http://www.pureinsight.org/pi/articles/2002/7/8/1092.html
http://www.zhengjian.org/zj/articles/2002/6/8/16384.html

Statue of Chen Tuan
chentuan-tongbe19.jpg
'a source' for TongBei

Marital Exercise named for Mt.Hua [or from/at Mt.Hua] and the 'Five-animal' sport.
Bai Yuan Tong Bei Chuan:  It is claimed that White Ape-Through-Back Fist-Boxing, originated with Mst. Chen; it consists of:
Six Prime Skills
Eight Older Fists
Twelve Linking Fists
Twenty-four Posture Form
Thirty-six Take Apart Fist
Weapons
 
Game: the Sword of Mt.Hua  http://physics.hkbu.edu.hk/~lhung/wulin.html 
"The centre of wulin houses the most prominent societies of martial arts in the Fairy Land of Drinking Horse. These are Shaolin and Wudang, in which many secret scripts of supreme kungfu unheard and untouched are securely treasured. These two dragons of yang and yin are in turn surrounded by the Five Swords, which forms a central ring in wulin. Since the fall of Tang Dynasty, this core structure had been shunned by the government very much. Struggles and intrigues took place there many many times. Centuries later, the structure had almost entirely cut themselves off the feudal politics, and eventually formed the basis of a new community called wulin."

'Water' ~ Mt. Hua ~ Numerology: Summary

(1) is both the name of a teaching poem, the  6x8-verses,  said to have been 'found' by Lee, TungFung; his student, Sung, YuenTung is the given author of their elaboration the 5-word-verses.

(2) the name of a 'long-form' exercise taught by Nanking teacher Wu YiHui;  The current lineage teacher Choi WaiLun and other teachers more often refer to their exercise as 'HuaYu' in praise [acceptable], as a high-standard [symbolic], and as a origin-source [dubious] ...as HuaYu XinYi LiuHeBaFa: this expression is simple two parts: 'Mt Hua central ideas'+ 6x8.

(3) LHPF is a school name encompassing a collective body of forms [ie. LHPF+qigongs+animal-forms+swimming dragon forms addended and augmenting taught by Wu YiHui]  Water boxing seems to be used both during the Sung Period and Water boxing is used in Shanghai in 1930-1940's 

(4) the water-boxing name, however, is reaffixed to the LiuHeBaFa exercise emerging into America by various teachers; there is thus one in principle another in name only. Health-exercise: water/spirit-boxing, water-style, water-boxing, water-spirit, water-method-qi-gong, spirit-method-exercise, spirit-dream.

 

SacredSites-China
china.jpg
Anhui~Hua~WuTang
==TAOIST==
3.  Hua Shan, Shaanxi; Taoist Mt. of  West,    19. Zhong Nan Shan, Shaanxi 
1.  Heng Shan Nan, Hunan; Taoist Mt. of  South 
2.  Heng Shan Bei, Shanxi; Taoist Mt. of  North
 
4.  Tai Shan, Shandong; Taoist Mt. of  East
5.  Tong Shan, Henan; Taoist Mt. of  Center
==BUDDHIST==
8.  Jiu Hua Shan, Anhui; Buddhist Mt. of  South.
6.  Emei Shan, Sichuan; Buddhist Mt. of  West.
7.  Wu Tai Shan, Shanxi, Buddhist Mt. of  North.

9.  Pu Tuo Shan, Zhejiang; Buddhist Mt. of  East
 
10.  Huang Shan, Anhui;   31. Qi Yun Shan, Anhui  (Taoist Mt.)
23.  Wu Dang Shan, Hubei;   34. Huang Mei Shan, Hubei
Famous Chinese Peaks: 'Mount Wudang is located near the Shiyan City, northwest of Hubei Province. It is southeast of Mt. Hua Shan...Local people call it another name: Mount Tai He or Mount XuanYue.'
 

Chang San-Feng and Wudang Mountain by Dan Docherty

chen tuan = chen po  [NOTE: chang po tuan   is a later person post 1100BC .]

http://rels.queensu.ca/dao/bibliography.php?ofield=Title
http://rels.queensu.ca/dao/bibliography.php?field=Title&query=chen+tuan&submit=Go
http://rels.queensu.ca/dao/bibliography.php?field=Author&query=kohn&submit=Go

http://helios.unive.it/~dsao/pregadio/tools/biblio/biblio_2.html

http://www.gb.taoism.org.hk/taoist-world-today/taoism&us/pg7-7-3-7.htm

by LIVIA KOHN, Boston University


      Note: The abbreviation "CT" stands for the numbers of texts in the Daoist canon, following the concordance by Kristofer Schipper.


"CHEN TUAN (d. 989), zi Tu'nan, hao Fuyaozi, was an important Daoist master, thinker, fortune-teller, and legitimizing saint of the Song dynasty. Historically he appears first in 937, when he left an inscription at the Tianqing guan in Qiongzhou, Sichuan, praising the qi-methods of the local masters. It is likely that he was born in this area, although most sources claim that he came from Henan. In the 940's, he settled on Mount Hua, restoring the Yuntai guan and Yuquan yuan, which are still closely associated with him today. In the 950's he composed the Fengjian, a manual of physiognomy, which caused him to be later associated with the key handbook Shenxiang quanbian.
      In terms of official links, Chen Tuan met with Emperor Shizong of the Northern Zhou in 956, answering his questions on alchemy by giving spiritual advice. In 984, he mets Song Taizong and was given the title Xiyi xiansheng together with various material gifts. He then became the legitimizing saint of the new dynasty. In 989, he died on Mount Hua. Legend has it that he was 118 years old, which would place his birth in the 870s. Given the other data, a birthdate of around 920 is more likely. In addition, in the 960s-980s Chen Tuan met several high Song officials (Qian Ruoshui, Zhang Yong, Chong Fang) to read their fortunes and give them career advice. At the same time he also became known for his Yijing studies which influenced Zhou Dunyi's Taiji tu and Neo-Confucian thought.

    Surrounding these historical facts, there are many legends about Chen Tuan, telling of his wondrous encounter with a star lady as a child and his special memory power; mentioning a failed imperial examination at the capital, a period of Daoist training on Mount Wudang, a magical transfer by dragon to Mount Hua; stressing his wonderful ability to enter a deep trance, often for months, known as "sleep" and detailing various chance encounters with the future Song emperors whose imperial quality he recognized and other successful physiognomic examinations. They are found in Zhao Daoyi's Lishi zhenxian tidao tongjian (CTy296), and in the Taihua xiyi zhi (CT 306).

    In Yuan drama, Chen Tuan stars in Sanxing zhao, Bieyou tian, Pantao hui, and Chen Tuan gao wo. In the Ming dynasty, he appears as a master of inner alchemical meditation, a technique known as "sleep," described in the Chifeng sui. In Japan, finally, he is known as the planchette spirit who appeared in the Chan community on Mount Huangbo and inspired its leader Ingen to travel to Japan in the seventeenth century. Definitely identified as Chen Tuan, he is then known as Chen Bo, zi Wuyan

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Kohn, Livia. 1988. "A Mirror of Auras: Chen Tuan on Physiognomy." Asian Folklore Studies 47: 215-56.

Kohn, Livia.. 1990. "Chen Tuan in History and Legend. " Daoist Resources 2.1: 8-31.

Li Yuanguo. 1985. Daojiao yanjiu wenji. Chengdu: Sichuan shehui yanjiu yuan.

Li, Yuanguo. 1990. "Chen Tuan's Concepts of the Great Ultimate." {Daoist Resources} 2.1: 32-53.

Russell, Terence C. 1990 "Chen Tuan's Veneration of the Dharma: A Study in Hagiographic Modification." Daoist Resources 2.1: 54-72.

Russell, T.C. 1990. "Chen Tuan at Mount Huangbo." Asiatische Studien/Etudes Asiatiques 44: 107-40.

=====================

Kohn, Livia 1988 'A Mirror of Auras - Chen Tuan on Physiognomy.'  Asian Folklore Studies 47: 215-56.
Kohn, Livia 1990 'Chen Tuan in History and Legend.'  Taoist Resources 2.1: 8-31
Li Yuanguo 1990 'Chen Tuan's Concepts of the Great Ultimate.' Taoist Resources 2.1: 32-53.
Chang Po-tuan (trans. Cleary), The Inner Teachings of Taoism: 51-60 [60-104]
Yang Huarong a  1988 Guanyu Chen Tuan de jiguan On Chen Tuan's Birth Place Shijie Zongjiao, 1988: 152-153
Li Yuanguo, 1985 Shilun Chen Tuan de yuzhou shengchenglun Chen Tuan's Cosmology Shijie Zongjiao, 1985: 48-71

 
 

 


 

Taoist Resources

Copyright:  by Livia Kohn  http://religion.rutgers.edu/SSCR/tr3.html

(A Memorial to Chen Tuan)

v.2 nr.1

Introduction:The Life of Chen Tuan after the History of the Song Livia Kohn 1-7
Chen Tuan in History and Legend Livia Kohn 8-31
Chen Tuan's Concepts of the Great Ultimate Li Yanguo 32-53
Chen Tuan's Veneration of the Dharma a study in Hagiographic Modification Terence C. Russell 54-72
Translation.The Twelve Sleep Exercises of Mount Hua Teri Takehiro 73-94
Recent Publications on Taoism 95

Cultivating Stillness  by Eva Wong (Author)
"... Major Ideas of Taoist Internal Alchemy TAOIST COSMOLOGY AND INTERNAL ALCHEMY Taoist cosmology and internal alchemy are best illustrated by Chen Hsi-i's unu-chi diagram, and much of the comments..."
"... a practice emerged. Both the Northern and Southern branches of the Complete Reality School and the Huashan School of Chen Hsi-1 attempted to "demythologize" Taoist internal alchemy. The writings from these schools contained less alchemical symbolism. Their approach differed from both Northern and Southern branches.."
 
"Chen Po... the Sung dynasty (960-279 C.E.), who combined the Confucianist and Taoist theories of the origin of things. He revised Chou Tuan-i's treatise T'ai-chi T'ao Shuo and wrote, "From wu-chi comes t'ai-chi. When t'ai-chi moves, it creates yang.."
Pre-yin/yang symbol "... was first revealed to a Taoist hermit known as the Sage of the River who passed it on to Wei Po-yang, author of the Triplex Unity. Chung Li-ch'uan, one of the ... a hermit on Huashan and passed the teachings on to Chen Hsi-i. Chen Hsi-i was a Sung dynasty Taoist hermit who resided on Hua- shan. He was reputed to have originated ..."